This issues paper reviews the context and challenges to environmental mainstreaming (EM), discusses what it takes to achieve effective EM, and provides a roadmap for selecting operational EM methods and tools. Each chapter is introduced by a box summarising its scope. Supporting materials and profiles of key tools are available at www.environmental-mainstreaming.org. Chapter 1 explains why EM is needed, and considers what it means, and who should be concerned.
This paper outlines a framework for adaptation to climate change for urban areas in low- and middle-income nations that is pro-poor and that enhances the capacity of low-income households and community organizations to contribute to such adaptation.
Land, seascapes and natural resources are increasingly being set aside for
protection in response to various drivers: to tackle biodiversity loss, to prevent
deforestation as a climate change mitigation strategy, to restore declining fisheries.
Within the biodiversity conservation sector, the impacts (positive or negative)
of protected areas on local and indigenous communities have generated a lot
of debate and discussions and this discussion is escalating as other protection